Techno-Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis of Large-Scale Wind Farms Integration in Weak Transmission Grid from Mid-Career Repowering Perspective

Repowering a wind farm enhances its ability to generate electricity, allowing it better utilize areas with high mean speeds. Pakistan’s present energy dilemma is serious impediment economic development. The usage of diesel generator as dependable backup power source raises the cost per kWh and increases environmental emissions. To minimize emissions, grid-connected farms enhance percentage in electricity system. These generators’ effects, on other hand, are augmented by absorption greater quantities reactive from grid. According respective grid codes, integration commercial onshore Large-Scale Wind Farms (LSWF) into national fraught technical problems inter-farm wake which primarily ensure quality while degrading overall system operation limiting optimal use attainable resources. goal this study examine estimate techno-economic influence large-scale linked poor transmission systems Pakistan, contemplating effect diminution compensating using range voltage-ampere (VAR) devices. This presents partial repowering technique address active deficits produced raising hub height 20 m, contributed recovering deficit 48% so reduced effects upstream farms. Simulations were conducted for several scenarios an actual test modeled MATLAB comparative capacitor banks different flexible alternating current (FACTS) Using SAM (System Advisor Model) RETscreen, complete technical, economic, was done based fed grid, payback time, net value (NPV), greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction. studies suggest that unified flow controller (UPFC) optimum device via comparison analysis improved handling capabilities Our best-case scenario includes UPFC augmentation, demonstrating technically, fiscally, environmentally viable. Over course lifespan, planned has potential save 1,011,957 tCO2, resulting greener environment. When generated annually wake-affected compared our best-recommended scenario, recovered shortfall 4.851% seen, stability. modest investment boosts production due increased NPV, revenue, fewer CO2 footprints.